Redis源码学习-Skiplist - Redis - 后端开发

跳跃表（skiplist）是一种随机化的数据，由 William Pugh 在论文《Skip lists: a probabilistic alternative to balanced trees》中提出，跳跃表以有序的方式在层次化的链表中保存元素，效率和平衡树媲美 —— 查找、删除、添加等操作都可以在对数期望时间下完成，并且比起平衡树来说，跳跃表的实现要简单直观得多。

# redis 中的 skiplist 结构

/* ZSETs use a specialized version of Skiplists */
typedef struct zskiplistNode {
    sds ele;
    double score;
    struct zskiplistNode *backward;
    struct zskiplistLevel {
        struct zskiplistNode *forward;
        unsigned long span;
    } level[];
} zskiplistNode;

typedef struct zskiplist {
    struct zskiplistNode *header, *tail;
    unsigned long length;
    int level;
} zskiplist;

typedef struct zset {
    dict *dict;
    zskiplist *zsl;
} zset;

NOTE: 可以看到 zset 不止有 skiplist，还包含了一个 dict 结构，这是为了 ZSCORE 等命令可以以 o (1) 的时间复杂度返回指定的成员。

zskiplistNode：

ele：保存数据
score：权重值
backward：指向链表前一个节点的指针，不在 level 数组中，只有第一层会用到。
level
forward：指向链表后一个节点的指针
span：保存当前节点跨越了多少个节点

zskiplist：

head，tail：头指针和尾指针
length：链表长度
level：总层数

# skiplist 插入数据

/* Insert a new node in the skiplist. Assumes the element does not already
 * exist (up to the caller to enforce that). The skiplist takes ownership
 * of the passed SDS string 'ele'. */
zskiplistNode *zslInsert(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    unsigned int rank[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL];
    int i, level;

    serverAssert(!isnan(score));
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        /* store rank that is crossed to reach the insert position */
        rank[i] = i == (zsl->level-1) ? 0 : rank[i+1];
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                    sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            rank[i] += x->level[i].span;
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }
    /* we assume the element is not already inside, since we allow duplicated
     * scores, reinserting the same element should never happen since the
     * caller of zslInsert() should test in the hash table if the element is
     * already inside or not. */
    level = zslRandomLevel();
    if (level > zsl->level) {
        for (i = zsl->level; i < level; i++) {
            rank[i] = 0;
            update[i] = zsl->header;
            update[i]->level[i].span = zsl->length;
        }
        zsl->level = level;
    }
    x = zslCreateNode(level,score,ele);
    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
        x->level[i].forward = update[i]->level[i].forward;
        update[i]->level[i].forward = x;

        /* update span covered by update[i] as x is inserted here */
        x->level[i].span = update[i]->level[i].span - (rank[0] - rank[i]);
        update[i]->level[i].span = (rank[0] - rank[i]) + 1;
    }

    /* increment span for untouched levels */
    for (i = level; i < zsl->level; i++) {
        update[i]->level[i].span++;
    }

    x->backward = (update[0] == zsl->header) ? NULL : update[0];
    if (x->level[0].forward)
        x->level[0].forward->backward = x;
    else
        zsl->tail = x;
    zsl->length++;
    return x;
}

这里面比较复杂的点在于 span 的操作，其实去掉 span 就是很简单的链表操作，为了便于理解，这里把 backward 的操作和 span 的操作都删掉：

zskiplistNode *zslInsert(zskiplist *zsl, double score, sds ele) {
    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i, level;

    serverAssert(!isnan(score));
    x = zsl->header;
    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                    sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

    level = zslRandomLevel();
    if (level > zsl->level) {
        for (i = zsl->level; i < level; i++) {
            update[i] = zsl->header;
        }
        zsl->level = level;
    }
    x = zslCreateNode(level,score,ele);
    for (i = 0; i < level; i++) {
        x->level[i].forward = update[i]->level[i].forward;
        update[i]->level[i].forward = x;
    }

    zsl->length++;
    return x;
}

声明用到的变量

    zskiplistNode *update[ZSKIPLIST_MAXLEVEL], *x;
    int i, level;

计算插入点的位置

    for (i = zsl->level-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        while (x->level[i].forward &&
                (x->level[i].forward->score < score ||
                    (x->level[i].forward->score == score &&
                    sdscmp(x->level[i].forward->ele,ele) < 0)))
        {
            x = x->level[i].forward;
        }
        update[i] = x;
    }

外层循环控制层级，从高到低；内层循环控制链表遍历，从左往右。

# redis 中的 skiplist 结构

# skiplist 插入数据

Redis源码学习-Dict

Redis源码学习-intset